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Version du 8 novembre 2021 à 11:32

Frank Knight
Économiste
Dates 1885-1972
Knight-frank.jpg
Tendance École de Chicago
Nationalité États-Unis États-Unis
Articles internes Autres articles sur Frank Knight
Citation
Interwikis sur Frank Knight

Frank Knight (7 novembre 1885 - 15 avril 1972), membre de la société du Mont Pèlerin, était un économiste principalement connu pour quatre contributions fondamentales : la méthodologie économique, les théories de l'action humaine, de l'incertitude et de l'esprit d'entreprise. Il a eu une influence considérable sur beaucoup d'économistes et particulièrement sur certains économistes de l'école autrichienne comme Peter Klein, Per Bylund, avec la théorie du jugement entrepreneurial.

Frank Knight dans l'histoire de la pensée économique

Frank Knight propose une distinction entre le risque et l'incertitude en 1921 dans Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Le risque désigne une situation où les possibilités de l'avenir sont connues et probabilisables. Par opposition, l'incertitude désigne une situation où l'on ignore tout cela. Frank Knight distingue donc des situations risquées (où la distribution de probabilité des cas possibles n'est pas connue) des situations incertaines (où les cas possibles ne sont même pas connus). Une incertitude knightienne est donc une situation où non seulement l'avenir n'est pas connu, mais il ne peut l'être. Grâce à Frank Knight, il est admis, aujourd'hui, de considérer que la prise de décision non entrepreneuriale se déroule dans des conditions de risque, tandis que la prise de décision entrepreneuriale s'inscrit dans un contexte d'incertitude.

En 1940[1], il souligne que la définition de la science économique par Lionel Robbins est trop formaliste. Elle tend à réduire la théorie économique à quelque chose de mécanique sans plus avoir de rapport avec la réalité économique.

Bien que Frank Knight soit considéré, avec Milton Friedman, comme un des pères fondateurs de l'école de Chicago, ses contributions contiennent des caractéristiques autrichiennes. Influencé par William James[2], Henri Bergson et Max Weber, Le subjectivisme de Frank Knight peut être analysé comme un lien entre Carl Menger et Ludwig von Mises dans l'histoire du subjectivisme. Fu-Lai Tony Yu, précise, en 2002, que Frank Knight peut être classé dans l'école austro-allemande d'économie, puisque le terme d'école autrichienne est trop étroit pour tenir compte des influences allemandes.

Frank H. Knight a présenté deux concepts différents de l'«incertitude» dans son livre "Risk, Uncertainty and Profit", en 1921. La première notion est basée sur la possibilité de se protéger contre un certain résultat. Là, on peut en tirer des probabilités fréquentielles. La seconde notion se réfère à tous les cas où les individus ont des attentes subjectives quant à l'avenir et qui ne peut être probabilisable.

L'incertitude est le cœur de la fonction entrepreneuriale

Le rôle principal de l'entrepreneur, présente Frank Knight, n'est pas de faire des choses de ses mains dans l'entreprise, c'est à dire, il n'est pas là pour une exécution effective sur l'activité productive et économique. En réalité, cette fonction existe mais c'est une partie secondaire de la vie entrepreneuriale. Le problème ou la fonction principale de l'entrepreneur, nous dit Frank Knight, est de décider quoi faire et comment le faire. Les producteurs assument la responsabilité de prévoir les besoins des consommateurs dans un contexte d'incertitude. Mais, ce travail de prévision et, en même temps, une grande partie de la direction technologique et du contrôle de la production, est concentré sur l'intelligence de l'entrepreneur.

Face à l'incertitude des futurs prix du marché[3], l'organisation interne d'une entreprise ne peut être confiée au hasard à n'importe qui ou ne peut pas être conçue mécaniquement par une simple formule mathématique. Les entrepreneurs sont tenus de prendre des décisions discrétionnaires. C'est leur fonction. Nous sommes obligés de reconnaître la disparité entre les individus en ce qui concerne l'intellect, le jugement entrepreneurial et l'esprit d'entreprise. Si une entreprise veut prospérer, elle doit établir une structure organisationnelle afin de favoriser une prise de décision réussie. Les confiants et les aventuriers assument le risque alors que les individus qui doutent et les timides souhaitent l'éviter. En un mot, les entrepreneurs garantissent aux membres du second groupe un revenu déterminé en échange d’une part des résultats futurs de l’entreprise.

En somme, l'entreprise existe parce que le monde réel ne peut pas remplir toutes les conditions d'équilibre concurrentiel dictées par la théorie économique néo-classique. Frank Knight est favorable à un libre système des prix car celui-ci est efficace pour répartir les ressources entre les utilisations alternatives. Mais, ce système ne fournit pas automatiquement le modèle des utilisations alternatives. Cette fonction est dévolue aux entrepreneurs qui prennent des décisions. Ainsi, l'essence de l'entrepreneuriat est le jugement, né de l'incertitude. Donc, les entrepreneurs, dans une société libre couplée à un degré correspondant d'incertitude, assument la responsabilité de leurs décisions. Ils en retirent un bénéfice en cas de succès mais cette responsabilité les contraint également à offrir des garanties collatérales constituées par une rémunération fixe qu'ils remettent aux divers fournisseurs de ressources de l'entreprise.

La responsabilité ne peut pas se déléguer

Frank Knight constate que, parmi toutes les fonctions qu'occupent un entrepreneur, deux seulement ne peuvent pas être déléguées, la responsabilité ultime d'une part, et le faire face à l'incertitude de l'autre. Non seulement ces deux fonctions ne peuvent pas être déléguées, mais aussi, elles sont indissociables. Car, l'incertitude provient du contrôle ultime de l'entrepreneur qui prévaut sur toutes les fonctions de l'organisation. Et, l'existence de l'incertitude exige qu'il existe un niveau ultime de contrôle et de responsabilité. C'est bien l'inséparabilité de ces deux fonctions qui est au cœur même des différences entre le "vrai" entrepreneur, l'individu qui a créé sa propre entreprise, et l'entrepreneur organisationnel, le cadre qui est engagé par l'entrepreneur. Dans le premier cas, l'incertitude et le contrôle ultime sont vraiment concentrés entre les mains d'un seul individu, tandis que dans le second, ces deux fonctions sont beaucoup plus diffuses, même si l'on pourrait affirmer qu'elles sont situées au niveau des actionnaires. Cependant, on ne peut assimiler un groupe d’actionnaires à un seul individu. Le PDG remplit en effet les six fonctions entrepreneuriales, mais dans une bien moindre mesure qu'un vrai entrepreneur car il fait partie d'une organisation collective.

Même si l'entrepreneur emprunte des fonds pour démarrer son entreprise, ce sont les innovations, la stratégie, le leadership, la responsabilité et l'aptitude de l'entrepreneur à tolérer l'incertitude ou l'ambiguïté qui sont en jeu.

Annexes

Notes et références

  1. ↑ Frank Knight, What is Truth' in Economics, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. XLVIII No. 1
    • repris en 1956, In: On the History and Method of Economics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp151-178
  2. ↑ Les arguments de Frank Knight peuvent être mieux compris à travers le prisme de la psychologie de William James. Knight décrit le processus cognitif conduisant à "un jugement intuitif ou une induction inconsciente" dans des environnements complexes. En d'autres termes, l'apprentissage implicite est un processus inconscient qui précède les jugements intuitifs. Conformément à l'observation de Frank Knight, un jugement intuitif est un "sentiment subjectif de confiance". La psychologie moderne renforce cet argument en considérant que les jugements intuitifs sont chargés affectivement puisqu'ils impliquent des "sentiments instinctifs" ou des "sentiments de savoir". Dès 1890, William James avait mentionné que ce sont des "sentiments de tendance" ou autrement dit des "aperçus prémonitoires de schèmes relationnels" qui donnent à la conscience, la direction que doit prendre notre pensée. Le philosophe souhaitait rétablir le concept du "vague" à sa juste place dans notre vie mentale. Frank Knight fait référence à un phénomène clé par lequel William James illustre la conscience marginale (fringe consciousness). C'est l'expérience du presque savoir du bout de la langue (TOT : Tip of the Tongue)) que nous avons tous vécue en essayant de nous souvenir d'un nom oublié. Ce concept est également central dans la théorie de la curiosité épistémique de Daniel Berlyne. La conscience, tant pour William James que pour Frank Knight, est tournée vers l'avenir. Dans un cadre d'analyse économique, la conscience assure un comportement économique. James dit que la poursuite des fins futures et le choix des moyens pour leur réalisation sont la marque et le critère de la présence de la conscience dans un phénomène. En fait, précise James, la conscience est un combattant pour les fins. Les pouvoirs de connaissance d'un individu sont principalement subordonnés à des fins, en discernant quels faits les favorisent et lesquels ne le font pas. L'attention sélective de la conscience, indique le philosophe américain, est le facteur critique qui donne du sens à la "grande confusion bourdonnante et florissante" de nos sensations et expériences. Par conséquent, l'attention sélective est un autre terme pour désigner l'intérêt subjectif de la part des individus. Elle reflète donc des fins partielles et privées.
  3. ↑ «La principale incertitude qui affecte l'entrepreneur est celle liée au prix de vente de son produit. Sa position dans le système de prix est généralement celle d'un acheteur de services productifs aux prix actuels pour les convertir en produits finis à vendre aux prix en vigueur à la fin de l'opération. Il n'y a aucune incertitude quant aux prix des choses qu'il achète. Il supporte l'incertitude technologique quant à la quantité de produit physique qu'il obtiendra, mais l'erreur probable dans les calculs de ce type n'est généralement pas grande; le pari est dans le facteur prix par rapport au produit". Frank Knight, 1921, "Risk, Uncertainty and Profit", New York: Houghton Mifflin, pp317–318

Publications

De 1915 à 1920

  • 1915,
    • a. The Thirteenth Census Report on Occupations, American Economic Review, 5, March, pp184-188 [Commentaire du livre "Thirteenth Census of the United States", vol. IV: Population. Occupation Statistics
    • b. Mechanical Devices in European Statistical Work, Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association, 14, June, pp596-599
  • 1916,
    • a. A Theory of Business Profit, Thèse de doctorat, Cornell University
    • b. Neglected Factors in the Problem of Normal Interest, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 30, February, pp279-310
  • 1917, “The Concept of Normal Price in Value and Distribution.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 32 (November 1917): 66-100.
  • 1920, commentaire du livre de Thorstein Veblen, "The Place of Science in Modern Civilization", Journal of Political Economy, n°2, June, pp518-520

1921

  • a. "Risk, Uncertainty and Profit", Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
    • Nouvelle édition en 1957
    • Nouvelle édition en 1964, New York : Augustus M. Kelley
    • Nouvelle édition en 1965, Harper and Row, New York
    • Nouvelle édition en 1971, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Repris en partie en 1986, In: Louis Putterman, Randall S. Kroszner, dir., "The Economic Nature of the Firm. A Reader", ch 3, Cambridge : Cambridge University press
    • Traduction en espagnol en 1947, par Manuel Torres, "Riesgo, Incertidumbre y Beneficio", Madrid : Aguilar
  • b. Cost of Production and Price Over Long and Short Periods, Journal of Political Economy 29 (April), pp304-335
  • c. Ethics and the Economic Interpretation, Quarterly Journal of Economics 36 (May): 454-81
  • d. “Traditional Economic Theory--Discussion.” American Economic Review 11 (March 1921 Supplement): 143-46.
  • e. “Cassel's Theoretische Sozialökonomie.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 36 (November 1921): 145-53. [Review of Theoretische Sozialökonomie, by G. Cassel.]

De 1922 à 1924

  • 1922, "Ethics and the Economic Interpretation", Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 36, n°3, May, pp454-481
    • Repris en 1935, In: Frank Knight, The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays. New York: Harper & Brothers
  • 1923,
    • a. “Some Books on Fundamentals.” Journal of Political Economy 31 (June 1923): 342-59. [Review article on Supply and Demand, by H.D. Henderson; The Economics of Welfare, by A.C. Pigou; Principles of the New Economics, by L.D. Edie; and Introduction to Economics (revised ed.), by A.S. Johnson.]
    • b. “The Ethics of Competition”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 37, n°4, August, pp579-624
      • Repris In: The Ethics of Competition; and Selected Essays, vol. 1.
  • 1924,
    • a. “The Limitations of Scientific Method in Economics”, In: R.G. Tugwell, dir., The Trend of Economics, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp229-267
      • Repris en 1935, In: Frank Knight, dir., The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp105-147
    • b. “Some Fallacies in the Interpretation of Social Cost.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 38 (August): 582-606. Reprinted in The Ethics of Competition; and Selected Essays, vol. 1.

De 1925 à 1928

  • 1925,
    • a. Fact and Metaphysics in Economic Psychology, American Economic Review, Vol 15, n°2, June, pp247-266
    • b. Letter to Jacob Viner, Seely G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J., September 9
    • c. Economic Psychology and the Value Problem, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 39, n°3, May, pp372-409
      • Repris en 1935, In: Frank Knight, dir., The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp76-104
    • d. “A Note on Professor Clark's Illustration of Marginal Productivity.” Journal of Political Economy 33 (October 1925): 550-53. [Comment on Studies in the Economics of Overhead Costs, by J.M. Clark.]
  • 1927, “Interest Theory and Price Movement--Discussion.” American Economic Review 17 (March Supplement 1927): 120-21.
  • 1928
    • a. “A Suggestion for Simplifying the Statement of the General Theory of Price.” Journal of Political Economy 36 (June 1928): 353-70.
    • b. "Historical and Theoretical Issues in the Problem of Modern Capitalism", Journal of Economic and Business History, Vol 1, November, pp119-136
      • Repris en 1956, In: On the History & Method of Economics, pp89-103 [Review article on Der Moderne Kapitalismus: Historisch-systematische Darstellung des gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, vol. III: Das Wirtschaftsleben im Zeitalter des Hochkapitalismus, by Werner Sombart]
    • c. “Homan's Contemporary Economic Thought.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 43 (November 1928): 132-41. [Review article on Contemporary Economic Thought, by P.T. Homan.]
  • 1929, “Freedom as Fact and Criterion.” International Journal of Ethics 39 (January, pp129-147
    • Repris en 1947, In: Freedom & Reform, pp3-23
  • 1930,
    • a. “Absentee Ownership.” In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 1. New York: Macmillan, 1930.
    • b. “Abstinence.” In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 1. New York: Macmillan, 1930.
    • c. “The Theory of Economic Dynamics as Related to Industrial Instability--Discussion.” American Economic Review 20 (March Supplement, 1930): 35-37.
    • d. “Statik und Dynamik zur Frage der Mechanischen Analogie in den Wirtshaftswissenschaften.” Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 2 (August 1930): 1-26
      • Traduit en anglais en 1935, "Statics and Dynamics", In: Frank Knight, dir., The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp161-185
      • Traduction anglaise en 1956, "Statics and Dynamics: Some Queries regarding the Mechanical Analogy in Economics", On the History & Method of Economics, and Selected Essays: Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp179-201
  • 1931,
    • a. “Relation of Utility Theory to Economic Method in the Work of William Stanley Jevons and Others.” In Methods in Social Science, edited by Stuart Rice, 59-69. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931.
    • b. “Davenport, Herbert Joseph”, In: Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 5. New York: Macmillan
    • c. “Demand--Theory.” In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 5. New York: Macmillan.
    • d. “Exchange.” In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 5. New York: Macmillan, 1931.
    • e. “Economics--History of Economic Thought: Marginal Utility Economics.” In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 5. New York: Macmillan, 1931. Reprinted in The Ethics of Competition.
    • f. “Professor Fisher's Interest Theory: A Case in Point.” Journal of Political Economy 39 (April 1931): 176-212
    • g. "Marginal utility economics", Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, New York: Macmillan
      • Repris en 1935, In: "The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays", New York: Harper, Ch V
  • 1932,
    • “Das Wertproblem in der Wirtschaftstheorie.” In Die Wirtschaftstheorie der Gegenwart, vol. II, Wert, Preis, Produktion, Geld und Kredit, edited by Hans Mayer, 52-72. Vienna: Julius Springer.
    • “Interest.” In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 8. New York: Macmillan. Reprinted in Ethics of Competition.
    • “The Newer Economics and the Control of Economic Activity.” Journal of Political Economy 40 (August): 433-76. [Review article on Modern Economic Society, by Sumner H. Slichter.]
  • 1933,
    • a. The Economic Organization. Chicago: University of Chicago
      • Nouvelle édition en 2013, Ross B. Emmett, dir., "Frank H. Knight: The Economic Organization", Transaction Books
    • b. “Capitalistic Production, Time and the Rate of Return”, In: Economic Essays in Honour of Gustav Cassel, London: George Allen & Unwin, pp327-342
    • c. “Can We Vote Ourselves Out of the Fix We Are In?” The Christian Century, 1 February 1933, 151-54.
  • 1934,
    • a. Capital, Time, and the Interest Rate, Economica, n.s. 1, n°3, August, pp257-286
    • b. “Profit.” In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 12. New York: Macmillan, 1934.
    • c. “Risk.” In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 13. New York: Macmillan, 1934.
    • d. “Supply.” In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 14. New York: Macmillan, 1934.
    • e. “Taylor, Fred Manville.” In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 14. New York: Macmillan, 1934.
    • f. Review of The Nature and Significance of Economic Science, by Lionel Robbins. International Journal of Ethics 44 (April 1934): 358-61.
    • g. “The Nature of Economic Science in Some Recent Discussion.” American Economic Review, Vol 24, n°2, June, pp225-238. [Review article on Prolegomena to Relativity Economics: An Elementary Study in the Mechanics and Organics of an Expanding Economic Universe, by Ralph William Souter.]
    • h. “Social Science and the Political Trend”, University of Toronto Quarterly, 3 (July): 407-27. Reprinted in Freedom & Reform
      • Repris en 1947, pp24-43
    • i. “The Common Sense of Political Economy (Wicksteed Reprinted)”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol 42, October, pp660-673
      • Repris In: History & Method, [Review article on The Common Sense of Political Economy and Selected Papers and Reviews on Economic Theory, by Philip H. Wicksteed, edited by Lionel Robbins.]
    • j. “The New Deal and Liberalism.” In Report of Midwest Conference on Industrial Relations, 35-44. School of Business, University of Chicago, 1934.
    • k. “Modern Thought: Is It Anti-Intellectual?” University of Chicago Magazine 27 (November 1934): 20 21, 23
    • l. The nature of economic science in recent discussion, American Economic Review 24, pp225-238
    • j. commentaire du livre de William A. Scott, "The Development of Economics", American Journal of Sociology, Nov, Vol 40, n°3, pp413-414
  • 1935,
    • a. "Professor Hayek and the Theory of Investment", Economic Journal, Vol 45, March, pp77-94
    • b. dir., The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays, New York: Augustus M. Kelley Inc. et New York: Harper & Bros.,
    • c. Bemerkungen über Nutzen und Kosten, Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie, 6 (1, 3): 28-52, 315-36
      • Traduction en anglais en 1936, Notes on Utility and Cost, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • d. The Ricardian Theory of Production and Distribution, Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 1 (February, May): 3-25, 171-96
    • e. “Value and Price.” In Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 15. New York: Macmillan, 1935. Reprinted in The Ethics of Competition.
    • f. “Intellectual Confusion on Morals and Economics.” International Journal of Ethics 45 (January 1935): 200-20.
    • g. “Social Science and Social Action.” International Journal of Ethics 46 (October 1935): 1-33.
    • h. “The Theory of Investment Once More: Mr. Boulding and the Austrians”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 50, November, pp36-67
    • i. “Barbara Wootton on Economic Planning.” Journal of Political Economy 43 (December 1935): 809-14. [Review article on Plan or No Plan, by Barbara Wootton.]
    • j. Economic theory and nationalism, In: Frank Knight, The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays. New York: Harper & Bros, pp277-359
    • k. "Comment", The Journal of Political Economy, 43(5), pp625-627
  • 1936,
    • a. The Place of Marginal Economics in a Collectivist System, American Economic Review, 26 (1), mars, pp255–266. Papers and proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association
    • b. The Quantity of Capital and the Rate of Interest I, Journal of Political Economy, Vol 44, August, pp433-463
    • c. The Quantity of Capital and the Rate of Interest II, Journal of Political Economy, Vol 44, October, pp612-642
    • d. “Pragmatism and Social Action”, International Journal of Ethics, 48 (January 1936): 229-36. Reprinted in Freedom & Reform. [Commentaire du livre de John Dewey, "Liberalism and Social Action"]
      • Repris en 1947, In: Frank Knight, dir. "Freedom and Reform", New York: Harper & Brothers, pp44-54
    • e. “Some Issues in the Economics of Stationary States.” American Economic Review 26 (September): 393-411. [Review article on The Economics of Stationary States, by A.C. Pigou.]
    • f. Commentaire du livre de Lionel Robbins, "An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science", seconde édition. The American Journal of Sociology 42(3): 425
  • 1937,
    • a. “Unemployment: And Mr. Keynes's Revolution in Economic Theory", Canadian Journal of Economics & Political Science, Vol 3, February, pp100-123 (commentaire du livre de John Maynard Keynes, "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money)
    • b. “Note on Dr. Lange's Interest Theory.” Review of Economic Studies 4 (June 1937): 223-30.
    • c. “Economists on Economic Ethics.” International Journal of Ethics 48 (October 1937): 98-108. [Review article on Getting and Earning: A Study of Inequality, by Raymond T. Bye and Ralph H. Blodgett.]
  • 1938,
    • a. Commentaire du livre de Ludwig von Mises, Socialism, Journal of Political Economy” n. 46, apr.
    • b. “On the Theory of Capital: In Reply to Mr. Kaldor.” Econometrica 6 (January 1938): 63-82.
    • c. “Two Economists on Socialism.” Journal of Political Economy 46 (April 1938): 241-50. [Review article on Socialism versus Capitalism, by A.C. Pigou and The Economic System in a Socialist State, by R.L. Hall.]
    • d. “A Biologist Solves the Social Problem.” Ethics 48 (July 1938): 531-5. [Review article on The Retreat from Reason, by Lancelot T. Hogben.]
    • e. “Lippmann's The Good Society”, commentaire du livre de Walter Lippmann, "The Good Society", Journal of Political Economy, Vol 46, décembre, pp864-872
    • f. Commentaire du livre de Marian Bowley, "Nassau Senior and Classical Economics", Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol 33, n°204, Dec., pp759-760
  • 1939,
    • a. Ethics and Economic Reform I, The Ethics of Liberalism, Economica, New Series, Vol 6, n°21, Feb. pp1-29
      • Repris en 1947, In: Frank Knight, dir., Freedom and Reform, New York: Harper & Brothers, pp55-153
    • b. Ethics and Economic Reform II, Idealism and Marxism, Economica, New Series, Vol 6, n°21, August, pp296-321
      • Repris en 1947, In: Frank Knight, dir., Freedom and Reform, New York: Harper & Brothers, pp55-153
    • c. Ethics and Economic Reform III, Christianity, Economica, New Series, Vol 6, n°24, November, pp398-422
      • Repris en 1947, In: Frank Knight, dir., Freedom and Reform, New York: Harper & Brothers, pp55-153
    • d. “Theology and Education.” American Journal of Sociology 44 (March): 649-79. [Review article on The Case for Theology in the University, by William Adams Brown.]
    • e. “Bertrand Russell on Power.” Ethics 49 (April 1939): 253-85. [Review article on Power: A New Social Analysis, by Bertrand Russell.]
    • f. “Imperfect Competition.” Journal of Marketing, Vol 3, April, pp360-366
    • g. Ccommentaire du livre de Marian Bowley, "Nassau Senior and Classical Economics", Journal of Political Economy, Vol 47, n°1, Feb., pp131-135
  • 1940,
    • a. "Socialism: the Nature of the Problem", Ethics, vol 50, n°3, april, pp253-289
      • Repris en 1982, In: Freedom and Reform, Liberty Press, Indianapolis
    • b. What is Truth' in Economics, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. XLVIII No. 1, pp1-32
      • repris en 1956, In: On the History and Method of Economics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp151-178
    • c. “Quantification: The Quest for Precision--Discussion.” In Eleven Twenty-Six: A Decade of Social Science Research, edited by L. Wirth, 167-70. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1940.
    • d. “Professor Parsons on Economic Motivation”, Canadian Journal of Economics & Political Science, Vol 6, n°3, Août, pp460-465
  • 1941,
    • a. Professor Mises and the Theory of Capital, Economica. (n.s.) 8: 409-27
    • b. “Social Science”, Ethics, 51 (January): 127-43
      • Repris en 1956, In: On the History & Method of Economics, pp121-134
    • c. “Anthropology and Economics.” Journal of Political Economy 49 (April): 247-68. Reprinted in Selected Essays, vol. 2. [Review article on The Economic Life of Primitive Peoples, by Melville J. Herskovits.]
    • d. “The Business Cycle, Interest, and Money: A Methodological Approach.” Review of Economic Statistics 23 (May): 53-67. Reprinted in On the History & Method of Economics.
    • e. “Religion and Ethics in Modern Civilization.” Journal of Liberal Religion 3 (Summer): 3-22. Reprinted in Freedom & Reform.
    • f. "The Meaning of Democracy: Its Politico-Economic Structure and Ideals." Journal of Negro Education 10 (July): 318-32. Reprinted in Freedom & Reform.
    • g. “The Meaning of Freedom.” Ethics 52 (October): 86-109. [Review article on Freedom: Its Meaning, edited by Ruth Nanda Anshen.]
    • h. “The Role of the Individual in the Economic World of the Future.” Journal of Political Economy 49 (December): 817-32
    • i. The significance and basic postulates of economic theory: a rejoinder, Journal of Political Economy 49: 750-753
  • 1942,
    • a. “Fact and Value in Social Science”, In: Ruth Anshen, dir., Science and Man, New York: Harcourt Brace, pp325-345
      • Repris en 1947, In: Freedom & Reform, pp268-292
    • b. “Some Notes on the Economic Interpretation of History.” In Studies in the History of Culture: The Disciplines of the Humanities, 217-31. Menasha, WI: George Banta Publishing, 1942. Reprinted in Freedom & Reform.
    • c. “The War and the Crisis of Individualism.” In Economic Problems of War and Its Aftermath, edited by Chester W. Wright, 141-65. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942.
    • d. "Science, Philosophy, and Social Procedure." Ethics 52 (April 1942): 253-74. Reprinted in Freedom & Reform.
    • e. “Adler's A Dialectic of Morals.” Ethics 53 (October 1942): 56-63. [Review article on A Dialectic of Morals: Towards the Foundations of Political Philosophy, by Mortimer J. Adler.]
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  • 1943,
    • a. “The Meaning of Freedom”, In: Charner M. Perry, dir., The Philosophy of American Democracy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp59-86
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    • c. “Social Causation”, American Journal of Sociology, 49, July, pp46-55
      • Repris en 1956, In: On the History & Method of Economics, pp135-150
  • 1944,
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    • b. “The Rights of Man and Natural Law.” Ethics 54 (January 1944): 124-45. Reprinted in Freedom & Reform. [Review article on The Rights of Man and Natural Law, by Jacques Maritain.]
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    • d. “Human Nature and World Democracy.” American Journal of Sociology 49 (Mars): 408-20. Reprinted in Freedom & Reform.
    • e. “Realism and Relevance in the Theory of Demand.” Journal of Political Economy 52 (Décembre): 289-318
  • 1945, avec Thornton W. Merriam, "The Economic Order and Religion", New York: Harper & Bros
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    • a. The Sickness of Liberal Society, Ethics, 56 (Janvier), pp79-95
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    • b. “Capital and Interest”, In: Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th edition, vol. 4
    • c. "Immutable Law in Economics: Its Reality and Limitations", American Economic Review, May, 36 (2)
    • d. "Heimann's History of Doctrine and Current Issues", Journal of Political Economy, Aug, Vol 54, n°4, pp363-367
  • 1947,
    • a. "Freedom and Reform: Essays in Economics and Social Philosophy", New York: Harper & Brothers
      • Nouvelle édition en 1982, Liberty Press, Indianapolis, IA
    • b. The Sickness of Liberal Society, In: Freedom and Reform: Essays in Economics and Social Philosophy, New York: Harper
    • c. “Individualism.” In Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th edition, vol. 12.
    • d. “The Future of Free Society.” In Our Emergent Civilization, edited by Ruth Nanda Anshen, 202-30. New York: Harper & Bros.
    • e. “Short Cuts to Justice and Happiness.” Ethics 57 (April): 199-205. [Review on The Liberal Tradition: A Study of the Social and Spiritual Conditions of Freedom, by William Aylott Orton.]
    • f. “Salvation by Science: The Gospel According to Professor Lundberg.” Journal of Political Economy 55 (December): 537-52. Reprinted in On the History & Method of Economics. [Review article on Can Science Save Us?, by George A. Lundberg.]
  • 1948
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  • 1949,
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    • b. "Profit", In: W. Fellner et B. F. Haley, dir., "Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences" Vol 12,
      • Repris In: "Readings in the Theory of Income Distribution", Philadelphia: Blakiston
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      • Reprise de la réédition en 1971, Free Press of Glencoe, Ill
    • b. “Institutionalism”, In: Collier's Encyclopedia, vol. 10, 1950.
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  • 1952,
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    • c. “Professor Tawney: Essayist and Christian Socialist.” Journal of Political Economy 61 (October 1953): 406-12. [Review article on The Attack, by R.H. Tawney.]
    • d. "Time Study", commentaire du livre de Simon Kuznets, "Economic Change: Selected Essays in Business Cycles, NaNonal Income" and Economic Growth", The Freeman, Vol 3, n°20, 29 juin, p716
  • 1955,
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    • b. “Knowledge and Its Methods in the Social Sciences.” In The Unity of Knowledge, edited by Lewis Leary, 165-88. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955.
    • c. “Economic Welfare in a Free Society--Discussion.” In National Policy for Economic Welfare at Home and Abroad, edited by Robert Lekachman, 334-41. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1955.
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    • e. “Professor R.B. Perry on Value.” Journal of Political Economy 63 (April 1955): 162-73. [Review article on Realms of Value: A Critique of Civilization, by Ralph Barton Perry.]
  • 1956,
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    • c. “Value Theory for Economists.” American Economic Review 46 (March 1956): 142-50. [Review article on The Value Judgement, by W.D. Lamont and Théorie générale de la valeur, et ses applications en esthétique et en économie politique, by Maxime Glansdorff.]
    • d. “Structure and Operation of the Economic Order.” University of Arizona Bulletin 27 (April-- The Kennecott Lecture Series): 31-67. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1956.
  • 1957, “Intelligience and Social Policy.” Ethics 67 (Avril): 155-68.
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    • c. “Social Economic Policy.” Canadian Journal of Economics & Political Science 26 (February): 19-34
    • d. Unemployment: And Mr. Keynes's Revolution in Economic Theory, In: Henry Hazlitt, dir., The Critics of Keynesian Economics, New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, pp66-95
  • 1961, “Methodology in Economics.” Southern Economic Journal 27 (January and April 1961): 185-93, 273-82.
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    • b. “Some Notes on Political Freedom and on a Famous Essay.” In NOMOS IV: Liberty, edited by Carl J. Friedrich, 110-18. New York: Atherton Press, 1962.
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    • b. "A Word of Explanation", Ethics, Vol 78, n°1, Octobre, pp83-85
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  • 1991, “The Case for Communism: From the Standpoint of an Ex-liberal.” In Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, edited by Warren J. Samuels, archival supplement 2: 57-108. Conférence de 1939

Littérature secondaire

  • 1925,
    • J. M. Clark, A Note on Professor Clark's Illustration of Marginal Productivity: Reply to Professor Knight's Remarks, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 33, n°5, Oct., pp554-557
    • M. A. Copeland, Professor Knight on Psychology, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 40, November, pp134-151
  • 1935 Fritz Machlup, "Professor Knight and the 'period of production'", Journal of Political Economy, 43 (5), octobre, pp577–624
    • Repris en 1976, In: G. Bitros, dir., Selected Economie Writings of Fritz Machlup, New York University Press, New York
  • 1940, Talcott Parsons, "Reply to Professor Knight", The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science / Revue canadienne d'Economique et de Science politique, Vol 6, n°3, Aug., pp466-472
  • 1947, Ludwig Lachmann, commentaire du livre de Frank Knight, Freedom and Reform, Economica, November, pp314-317
  • 1968, James M. Buchanan, Frank H. Knight, In: The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 3, David Sills, dir., New York: Macmillan, pp424-428
  • 1970, R. A. Gonce, Frank H. Knight on social control and the scope and method of economics, Southern Economic Journal, Vol 38, n°4, pp547-58
  • 1971, W. Breit et R. Ransom, Frank H Knight - Philosopher of the Counter-Revolution in Economics, In: The Academic Scribblers, revised edition, 193-204. Chicago: Dryden Press
  • 1972, R. A. Gonce, Frank H Knight on Social Control and the Scope and Method of Economics, Southern Economic Journal, 38.4, pp547-558[methodology]
  • 1973,
    • Don Patinkin, Frank Knight as Teacher, American Economic Review, 63, pp787-810
      • Repris en 1981, In: Essays On and In the Chicago Tradition, Durham: Duke University Press, pp23-51
    • Don Patinkin, “In Search of the ‘Wheel of Wealth’: On the Origins of Frank Knight’s Circular-Flow Diagram”, American Economic Review, Vol 63, n°5, December, pp1037–1046
    • T. W. Schultz, "Frank Knight as a colleague", Journal of Political Economy 81: 516-517
    • George Stigler, "Frank Knight as teacher", Journal of Political Economy, Vol 81, May/June, pp518-520
    • George Stigler, In Memoriam: F. H. Knight, American Economic Review, décembre
    • W. Wick, "Frank Knight: philosopher at large", Journal of Political Economy 81: 513-515
  • 1974, S. Gordon, Frank Knight and the Tradition of Liberalism, Journal of Political Economy, 82.3, pp571-577
  • 1975,
    • A. Schweitzer, "Frank Knight's Social Economics", History of Political Economy, Vol. 7, no. 3 (Fall, 1975), pp. 279-92
  • 1976, Northrup Buechner, "Frank Knight on Capital as the Only Factor of Production", Journal of Economic Issues, Vol 10, n°3, sept, pp598-617
  • 1977,
    • T. R. DeGregori, Ethics and Economic Inquiry: The Ayres-Knight Debate and the Problem of Economic Order, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 36.1, pp41-50
    • J. McKinney, Frank H. Knight on uncertainty and rational action, Southern Economic Journal, Vol 43, pp1438-1452
    • W. J. Samuels, The Knight-Ayres Correspondence: The Grounds of Knowledge and Social Action, Journal of Economic Issues, 11.3, pp485-525
  • 1980, Santiego Valiente, W., "Is Frank Knight the Victor in the Controversy between the Two Cambridges?", History of Political Economy, Vol. 12, no. 1 (Spring, 1980), pp. 41-64
  • 1983, Howey, R.S., "Frank Hyneman Knight and the History of Economic Thought", Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, Vol. 1 (1983), pp. 163-86
  • 1986,
    • T. F. Bewley, Knightian Decision Theory: Part I, Cowles Foundation, Yale University, Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper n°807, november
    • J. P. Raines et C. R. Jung, Knight on Religion and Ethics as Agents of Social Change: An Essay to Commemorate the Centennial of Frank H. Knight's Birth, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 45.4, October, pp429-439
  • 1987,
    • Yoram Barzel, Knight's 'Moral Hazard' Theory of Organization, Economic Inquiry, 25.1: 117-20
    • W. S. Kern, Frank Knight's Three Commandments, History of Political Economy, 19.4, pp639-646
    • S. F. LeRoy et L. D. Singell jr., "Knight on Risk and Uncertainty", The Journal of Political Economy, Vol 95, n°2, April, pp394-406
    • George Stigler, "Frank Hyneman Knight", In: John Eatwell, Murray Milgate et Peter Newman, dir., The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, vol 3, New York: Stockton Press, pp55–59
      • Repris en 2008, In: Steven N. Durlauf, Lawrence E. Blume, dir., "The New Palgrave. Dictionary of Economics", London: Palgrave Macmillan, seconde édition
  • 1988,
    • T. F. Bewley, Knightian Uncertainty, In: D.P. Jacobs, E. Kalai et M.I. Kamien, dir., Frontiers of Research in Economic Theory: The Nancy L. Schwartz Memorial Lectures, 1983-1997, Econometric Society Monographs, n°29, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp71-81
    • T. F. Bewley, Knightian Decision Theory and Econometric Inference, Cowles Foundation, Yale University. Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper n°868 (March)
    • W. S. Kern, The Lemon Principle, Democratic Politics, and Frank Knight's First Law of Talk, Public Choice, 59.1, pp83-87
    • W. S. Kern, Frank Knight on Preachers and Economic Policy: A 19th Century Liberal Anti-Religionist, He Thought Religion Should Support the Status Quo, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 47.1, pp61-69
    • J. P. Raines et C. R. Jung, The Social Economics of Frank H. Knight, In: Perspectives on the history of economic thought, Volume 3: Classicals, Marxians and neo-classicals. Selected papers from the History of Economics Society Conference, pp157-167
    • J. P. Raines et C. R. Jung, Monopolies as 'Mechanical Defects': Frank H Knight on Market Power, Bulletin of the History of Economics Society, 10.2, Fall, pp135-143
    • D. B. Schweikhardt, "The Role of Values in Economic Theory and Policy: A Comparison of Frank Knight and John R Commons." Journal of Economic Issues 22.2: 407-14
  • 1989,
    • T. F. Bewley, "Market innovation and entrepreneurship: A Knightian view", Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper n°905
    • J. P. Raines, "Frank H. Knight's Contributions to Social Economics", Review of Social Economy, Vol 47, n°3, Fall, pp280-292
  • 1990,
    • D. Dewey, Frank Knight before Cornell: Some Light on the Dark Years, Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, 8: 1-38
    • W. S. Kern, The End of Scarcity and the Art of Living: The Similar Visions of Knight and Keynes, Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, 8, pp39-51
    • W. S. Kern, Frank Knight's Skeptical View of Economic Education, Journal of Economic Education, 21.2, pp195-206
  • 1991, J. D. Hammond, Frank Knight's Antipositivism, History of Political Economy, Vol. 23, n°3, Fall, pp359-381
  • 1992,
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Frank H. Knight on the Conflict of Values in Economic Life", Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, Vol 9, pp87-103
    • R. A. Gonce, F. H. Knight on Capitalism and Freedoom, Journal of Economic Issues, 26.3, pp813-844
    • C. R. Jung et J. P Raines, Schumpeter and Knight on Economic and Political Rationality: A Comparative Restatement, Journal of Socio-Economics 21.2, Summer, pp109-124
  • 1993,
    • Nicolai J. Foss, More on Knight and the Theory of the Firm, Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 14, n°3, May - Jun., pp269-276
    • Patrick J. Gunning, Entrepreneurists and firmists: Knight vs the modern theory of the firm, Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Vol. 15, n°1, March, pp31-53
    • S. D. Kasper, Frank Knight's Case for Laissez Faire: The Patrimony of the Social Philosophy of the Chicago School, History of Political Economy, 25.3, pp413-433
    • W. S. Kern, Frank H. Knight: Archetypical Conservative Economist, Modern Age, 35.3, p258
    • Richard Langlois et M. M. Cosgel, Frank Knight on Risk, Uncertainty, and the Firm: A New Interpretation, Economic Inquiry, 31.3, pp456-465
  • 1994,
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Frank Knight: Economics vs. Religion", In: H. G. Brennan et A. M .C. Waterman, dir., "Economics and Religion, Recent Economic Thought", Kluwer Academic Press, pp103-120
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Maximizers vs. Good Sports: Frank Knight’s Curious Understanding of Exchange Behaviour", In: N. De Marchi et M.S. Morgan, dir., "Higgling: Transactors and their Markets in the History of Economics", annual supplement to History of Political Economy, vol 26, Durham: Duke University Press, pp276-292
  • 1996,
    • Nicolai J. Foss, The ‘Alternative’ Theory of Knight and Coase, and the Modern Theory of the Firm, Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Vol. 18, no. 1 (Spring, 1996), pp. 76-95
    • R. A. Gonce, F. H. Knight on Social Philosophy and Economy Theory: The Beginnings, Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, 14, pp1-21
  • 1997,
    • Richard Boyd, "Frank H Knight and Ethical Pluralism", Critical Review, Vol 11, n°4, pp519-536
    • Ross B. Emmett, "‘What is Truth’ in Capital Theory?: Five Stories Relevant to the Evaluation of Frank Knight's Contribution to the Capital Controversy", In: J. B. Davis, dir., "New Economics and Its History", annual supplement to History of Political Economy, vol 29, Durham: Duke University Press, pp231-250
    • D. W. Hands, "Frank Knight’s pluralism", In: A. Salanti et E. Screpanti, dir., Pluralism in Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp194-206
    • W. S. Kern, The Heterodox Economics of 'the Most Orthodox of Orthodox Economists': Frank H. Knight, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 56.3, pp319-331
    • C. Nopenney, Frank Knight and the Historical School, In: Peter Koslowski, dir., Methodology of the Social Sciences, Ethics and Economics in the Newer Historical School: From Max Weber and Rickert to Sombart and Rothacker, Berlin: Springer, pp319-339
    • R. Sally, The Political Economy of Frank Knight: Classical Liberalism from Chicago, Constitutional Political Economy, 8.2, pp123-138
  • 1998,
    • William Breit et Roger L. Ransom, Frank Knight—Philosopher of the Counter-Revolution, In: The Academic Scribblers, Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • A. J. Cohen, Frank Knight’s Position on Capital and Interest: Foundation of the Hayek/Knight/Kaldor Debate, In: Malcom Rutherford, dir., The Economic Mind in America: Essays in the History of American Economics (Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought), London: Routledge, pp145-163
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Frank H. Knight", In: John B. Davis, D. Wade Hands et Uskali Mäki, dir., "The Handbook of Economic Methodology", Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp267-269
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Frank Knight’s dissent from progressive social science", In: S. Pressman et R. Holt, dir, "Economics and Its Discontents: Twentieth Century Dissenting Economists", Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp153-164
    • Jochen Runde, Clarifying Frank Knight's Discussion of the Meaning of Risk and Uncertainty, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 22.5, pp539-546
  • 1999,
    • Ross B. Emmett, dir., "Selected Essays by Frank H. Knight", vols. 1 et 2, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Ross B. Emmett, "The Economist and the Entrepreneur: Modern Impulses in Frank H. Knight’s Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit", History of Political Economy, Vol 31, n°1, Spring, pp29-52
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Frank H. Knight (1885-1972): A Bibliography of His Writings", Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, archival supplement, Vol 9, pp1-100
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Frank Hyneman Knight Papers 1910-1972: Finding Guide", compilation de Glen James Gilchrist et de George J. Stigler, révisé par Ross B. Emmett, Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, archival supplement, Vol 9, pp101-273
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Introduction", In: Ross B. Emmett, dir., "Selected Essays by Frank H. Knight", vol I: 'What is Truth' in Economics?, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ppvii-xxiv
    • Philippe Fontaine, Classical Political Economy between Two Fires: Jean-Baptiste Say and Frank H Knight on the Enterprise Economy, History of Political Economy, 31.1, pp1-27
  • 2001,
    • C. R. McCann Jr, The Ethical Domains of Probability and Uncertainty: Review Article. History of Economic Ideas, 9.2, pp133-139
    • Robert H. Nelson, Frank Knight and Original Sin, Independent Review, 6 (Summer), pp5-25
    • Tilman, R., "Frank Knight: Ideological Catalyst in the Libertarian Revival." In Ideology and Utopia in the Social Philosophy of the Libertarian Economists, 1-19. Contributions in Economics and Economic History, Number 223. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. [libertarianism; social philosophy; economic methodology; social economics]
  • 2002,
    • Truman Bewley, Knightian Decision Theory: Part 1. Decisions in Economics and Finance, 25(2): 79-110
    • Peter Boettke et Karen Vaughn, Knight and the Austrians on Capital, and the Problem of Socialism, History of Political Economy, 34.1, pp155-176
    • Maria T. Brouwer, Weber, Schumpeter and Knight on entrepreneurship and economic development, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Volume 12, n°1-2, mars, pp83-105
    • John Finch et N. Dinnie, "Capturing Knightian advantages of large business organisations through group decision-making processes", International Journal of the Economics of Business
    • Robert L. Formaini, Frank H. Knight; origins of the Chicago School of Economics, Economic Insights, Vol 8, n°1, pp1-4
    • Tony Fu-Lai Yu, The economics of Frank H. Knight: An Austrian interpretation, Forum for Social Economics, Volume 31, n°2 / mars, pp1-23
    • Tony Fu-Lai Yu, The Knightian firm: uncertainty, entrepreneurial judgement and coordination, Journal des économistes et des études humaines, Vol. 12, n°4, pp459-473
  • 2003,
    • P. F. Asso et L. Fiorito, Waging War against Mechanical Man: Frank Knight's Critique of Behavioristic Psychology, Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology 21-A, pp65-103
    • P. F. Asso et L. Fiorito, Sulla Riflessione Epistemoligica in Economia Negli Anni Venti: Una Lettera Inedita di Frank Knight a Jacob Viner, Studi e Note di Economia, 2: 63-70
    • M. T. Brouwer, Weber, Schumpeter and Knight on Entrepreneurship and Economic Development, In: J. S. Metcalfe et U. Cantner, dir., Change, Transformation and Development, Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, pp145-167
    • A. J. Cohen, The Hayek/Knight Capital Controversy: The Irrelevance of Roundaboutness, or Purging Processes in Time?, History of Political Economy, Vol. 35, n°3 (Fall), pp469-90
    • L. Fiorito, John Maurice Clark and Frank H. Knight on Marginal Productivity Theory: A Note with Some Unpublished Correspondence, Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, 21-A, pp49-64
    • R. Marchionatti, On the Methodological Foundation of Modern Microeconomics: Frank Knight and the ‘Cost Controversy’ in the 1920s, History of Political Economy, Vol. 35, no. 1 (Spring), pp49-75
    • N. M. Mehta, Frank Knight and the Productivity of Capital: Another Piece of the Puzzle, Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Vol. 25, n°4, December, pp487-503
    • R. Marchionatti, On the Methodological Foundation of Modern Microeconomics: Frank Knight and the 'Cost Controversy' in the 1920s, History of Political Economy, 35 (1), pp49-75
    • S. J. Nash, On Pragmatic Philosophy and Knightian Uncertainty, Review of Social Economy, 61, (June), pp251-272
  • 2004,
    • Andrew Farrant, "Frank Knight, Worst-Case Theorizing, and Economic Planning: Socialism as Monopoly Politics", History of Political Economy 36(3), pp497-504
    • K. G. Nishimura et H. Ozaki, Search and Knightian Uncertainty, Journal of Economic Theory, 119.2, December, pp299-333
    • Florenz Plassmann, Frank Knight’s Proposal to End Distinctions among Factors of Production and His Objection to the Single Tax, History of Political Economy, Vol. 36, n°3, Fall, pp505-519
    • Florenz Plassmann et T. Nicolaus Tideman, Frank Knight's Proposal to End Distinctions among Factors of Production and His Objection to the Single Tax, History of Political Economy 36(3), pp505-519
    • Dunkan Reekie, "Interpreting Caritas: Did Frank Knight and Ludwig Von Mises Get It Wrong?", Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Vol 7, n°2, Summer, pp47-69
    • Fu-Lai Tony Yu, "Frank H. Knight's thought revisited: Subjectivism, interpretation and social economics." International Journal of Social Economics 31, pp.655-666
    • Tideman, T.N. and F. Plassmann, “Knight: Nemesis from the Chicago School.” American Journal of Economics & Sociology 63.2 (April Special Edition): 381-409. [Henry George]
  • 2005,
    • Peter Boettke et Christopher J. Coyne, "Frank H. Knight (1885-1972)", In: Dan Krier et Jean Van Delinder, dir., "Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers", Thoemmes Press, pp1322-1325
    • R. Franz, Knight on Intuition, Risk, and Uncertainty, In: Two minds: Intuition and analysis in the history of economic thought, New York: Springer
    • Ramakrishna Velamuri, “Why Stakeholder and Stockholder Theories are Not Necessarily Contradictory: A Knightian Insight”, Journal of Business Ethics, 61(3), pp249-262
  • 2006,
    • A. J. Cohen, The Kaldor/Knight Controversy: Is Capital a Distinct and Quantifiable Factor of Production?, European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 13(1), March: 141-161
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Frank H. Knight, Max Weber, Chicago Economics, and Institutionalism", Max Weber Studies, Weber and Economics: Beiheft 1, pp101-119
    • Ross B. Emmett, "De Gustibus Est Disputandum: Frank H. Knight's Response to George Stigler and Gary Becker's ‘De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum’", Journal of Economic Methodology, Vol 13, n°1, March, pp97-111
    • D. W. Hands, "Frank Knight and pragmatism", European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Vol 13, pp571-605
  • 2007,
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Knight’s Challenge (to Hayek): Spontaneous Order is Not Enough for Governing a Liberal Society", In: Peter McNamara et Louis Hunt, dir., "Liberalism, Conservatism and Hayek's Idea of Spontaneous Order", New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp67-86
    • A. Pacella, Frank Knight and John Maynard Keynes on Uncertainty, Limited Rationality and Institutional Economics, Storia del Pensiero Economico, new series, 4.1, pp69-95
  • 2009,
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Frank Knight & the Chicago School in American Economics", Routledge (Studies in the History of Economics)
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Realism and relevance in the economics of a free society: the Knight–Hutchison debate", Journal of Economic Methodology, Vol 16, n°3, pp341–350
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Did the Chicago School Reject Frank Knight: Assessing Frank Knight’s Place in the Chicago Tradition", In: Ross B. Emmett, dir., "Frank Knight and the Chicago School in American Economics", London: Routledge, pp145–155
  • 2010, Geoffrey T. F. Brooke, "Uncertainty, profit and Entrepreneurial Action: Frank Knight's Contribution reconsidered", Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Vol 32, n°2, pp221-235
  • 2011,
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Discussion and the evolution of institutions in a liberal democracy : Frank Knight joins the debate", In: Andrew Farrant, dir., "Hayek, Mill and the Liberal Tradition", Routledge Studies in the History of Economics, London et New York: Routledge, pp57-77
    • Ross B. Emmett, dir., "Frank H. Knight in Iowa City, 1919-1928", Research in the History of Economic Thought & Methodology, Vol 29-B, Emerald/JAI
    • Ross B. Emmett, Gerald Nordquist, "Frank Hyneman Knight: The Iowa Years", In: [Ross B. Emmett], dir., "Frank H. Knight in Iowa City, 1919-1928", Research in the History of Economic Thought & Methodology, Vol 29-B, ppxi-liii
  • 2013,
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Documents Related to John Maynard Keynes, Institutionalism at Chicago, and Frank H. Knight", Research in the History of Economic Thought & Methodology, Vol 31-B, Emerald/JAI
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Introduction", In: Ross B. Emmett, dir., "Frank H. Knight: The Economic Organization", Transaction Books
    • Ross B. Emmett, "Frank H. Knight on Institutionalism and Economics", Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, Vol 31-B, pp117-124
    • Ross B. Emmett, "‘It Is a Long Time between Drinks’: The Friendship of Frank H. Knight and Frederick D. Kershner", Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, Vol 31-B, pp151-176
  • 2015, Ross B. Emmett, Robert Van Horn, "Two Trajectories of Democratic Capitalism in the Postwar Chicago School: Frank Knight versus Aaron Director", Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol 39, n°5, September, pp1443-1455
  • 2016, David Cowan, "Frank H. Knight: Prophet of Freedom", Palgrave Macmillan

Articles connexes

Liens externes


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