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Richard Langlois
Richard Langlois | |||||
économiste | |||||
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Tendance | école autrichienne | ||||
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Articles internes | Autres articles sur Richard Langlois | ||||
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Interwikis sur Richard Langlois | |||||
Richard [Normand] Langlois enseigne l'économie à l'université du Connecticut aux USA. Il s'est intéressé à la théorie de la firme notamment la théorie du management par les capacités et la théorie de l'organisation modulaire. Il a également participé au renouveau de la théorie autrichienne de la firme dès 1985 en adoptant une position institutionnaliste (1986 a et b) et en faisant également la synthèse entre l'approche de George Richardson et celle de l'école autrichienne.
Théorie de la main évanescente
Richard Langlois en 2003, décrit un phénomène qu'il appelle la « main évanescente » (vanishing hand). Cette métaphore représente une forme hybride entre la main invisible d’Adam Smith (coordination de l’échange par les entreprises) et la main visible d’Alfred Chandler (Les managers coordonnent des flux de transactions ainsi que l’incertitude qui lui est liée).
Avant Richard Langlois, peu de théoriciens se sont préoccupés de la modularité de la firme. Richard Langlois peut être considéré comme un avant-gardiste de cette approche utilisée pour expliquer l'évolution de la structure de l'industrie. Il a d'abord proposé l'idée que l'économie est "modularisée" par des droits de propriété et que les organisations réalisent des "démodularisations" en réponse aux processus technologiques sous-jacents. Il conteste ainsi la thèse formulée par Alfred Chandler (1977), selon laquelle la hiérarchie est indispensable dans le management industriel pour une coordination à grande échelle des systèmes productifs. Pour contrer Alfred Chandler, Richard Langlois fait valoir que les "architectures des organisations industrielles", de la fin du 20e siècle, étaient des organisations modulaires et qu'une coordination hiérarchique était inutile dans de nombreuses occasions. En conséquence, la notion de "main visible" d'Alfred Chandler "s'évanouit", car les entreprises qui ont subi une intégration verticale se sont désintégrées par la suite.
La théorie entrepreneuriale de la firme
La théorie de la firme soutient que l'esprit d'entreprise est un élément essentiel, mais trop souvent négligé, pour expliquer la nature et les limites de l'entreprise. En revanche, la théorie de la firme ne cherche sans doute pas à comprendre la nature et les limites de « l'entreprise » en général mais plutôt à comprendre un type particulier de société : celle qui est entrepreneuriale.
Richard Langlois concilie les deux approches. Il s'appuie sur le concept de l'esprit d'entreprise défendu par les travaux de Joseph Schumpeter, d'Israel Kirzner et surtout de Frank Knight. Dans sa théorie, la firme (société) existe parce qu'elle est la solution à un problème de coordination dans un monde de changement et d'incertitude, notamment d'incertitude structurelle.
Bibliographie
De 1982 à 1989
- 1982,
- a. Austrian Economics as Affirmative Science: Comment on Rizzo, In: Israel Kirzner, dir., Method, Process, and Austrian Economics: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises, Ch 7, Lexington: D. C. Heath, pp75-84
- b. "Cost-Benefit Analysis, Environmentalism, and Rights", Cato Journal, 2(1), Spring, pp279-300
- c. "Systems Theory and the Meaning of Information", Journal of the American Society for Information Science, November, 33(6), pp395-399
- 1983, Systems Theory, Knowledge, and the Social Sciences, In: Fritz Machlup et Úna Mansfield, dir., The Study of Information: Interdisciplinary Messages, John Wiley: New York, pp581-600
- 1984, Internal Organization in a Dynamic Context: Some Theoretical Considerations, In: M. Jussawalla et H. Efjenpield, Dir., Communication and Information Economics, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp23-49
- 1985, Knowledge and Rationality in the Austrian School: an Analytical Survey, Eastern Economic Journal, vol IX, n°4, pp309-330
- 1986,
- a. The New Institutionalist Economics: an introductory essay, In: Richard Langlois, dir., Economics as a Process: Essays in the New Institutionalist Economics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- b. “Rationality, Institutions, and Explanation”, In: Richard Langlois, dir., Economics as a Process: Essays in the New Institutional Economics, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp225-155
- c. Coherence and Flexibility: Social Institutions in a World of Radical Uncertainty, In: Israel Kirzner, dir., Subjectivism, Intelligibility, and Economic Understanding: Essays in Honor of the Eightieth Birthday of Ludwig Lachmann, New York: New York University Press, pp171-191
- d. dir., Economics as a Process: Essays in the New Institutional Economics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- 1988,
- a. Economic Change and the Boundaries of the Firm, The Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, Septembre, Vol 144, n°4, pp635-657
- b. Commenaire du livre de Richard D. Fuerle, The Pure Logic of Choice, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Jun.), pp684-685
- c. avec Thomas A. Pugel, Carmela S. Haklisch, Richard R. Nelson et William G. Egelhoff, Microelectronics: An Industry in Transition, London: Unwin Hyman
- d. Commentaire du livre de Ludwig M. Lachmann, "The Market as an Economic Process", Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol 9, n°1, janvier, pp112-113
- 1989,
- a. What Was Wrong with the ‘Old’ Institutional Economics? (And What Is Still Wrong with the ‘New’?), Review of Political Economy, November, 1(3), pp272-300
- Traduit en danois en 1989, In: Christian Knudsen, Dir., Institutionalismen i Samfundsvidenskaberne. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur, pp9-43
- Repris en 1992, In: Wojciech W. Gasparski, J. Lee Auspitz, Marek K. Mlicki et Klemens Szaniawski, Dir., Praxiologies and the Philosophy of Economics. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, pp389-420
- Repris en 2002, In: Sandye Gloria-Palermo, Peter Boettke et Stephan Boehm, Dir., Modern Austrian Economics, Volume 3, London: Pickering and Chatto
- b. avec Paul L. Robertson, Explaining Vertical Integration: Lessons from the American Automobile Industry, The Journal of Economic History, 49(2): 361-375
- a. What Was Wrong with the ‘Old’ Institutional Economics? (And What Is Still Wrong with the ‘New’?), Review of Political Economy, November, 1(3), pp272-300
De 1990 à 1999
- 1990,
- a. Creating External Capabilities: Innovation and Vertical Disintegration in the Microcomputer Industry, Business and Economic History, Vol 19, pp93-102
- b. "Bounded Rationality and Behavioralism: A Clarification and Critique", Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 146(4), pp691-695
- 1991,
- a. avec Roger Koppl, Fritz Machlup and Marginalism: A Reevaluation, Methodus, 3(2), pp86-102
- b. Institutions, In: Austrian Economics: Tensions and New Directions, Bruce Caldwell et Stephan Boehm, Dir., Dordrecht: Kluwer
- c. Transaction Cost Economics in Real Time, Industrial and Corporate Change 1(1): 99–127
- Repris en 1997, In Nicolai J. Foss, Resources, Firms, and Strategies: A Reader in the Resource Based Perspective, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- d. The Capabilities of Industrial Capitalism, Critical Review, Fall, 5(4), pp513-530
- 1992,
- a. Orders and Organizations: Toward an Austrian Theory of Social Institutions, In: Bruce Caldwell et Stephan Boehm, dir., Austrian Economics: Tensions and New Directions. Boston, Dordrecht, et Londres: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Ch 6, pp165-183
- b. Transaction Cost Economics in Real Time, Industrial and Corporate Change, l(1), pp99-127
- c. External Economies and Economic Progress: The Case of the Microcomputer Industry, Business History Review, 66(1), spring, pp1-50
- d. avec Paul L. Robertson, "Networks and Innovation in a Modular System: Lessons from the Microcomputer and Stereo Component Industries", Research Policy, 21(4), August, pp297-313
- e. avec Paul L. Robertson, "Modularity, Innovation, and the Firm: the Case of Audio Components", In: Frederick M. Scherer et Mark Perlman, dir., "Entrepreneurship, Technological Innovation, and Economic Growth: International Perspectives", Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
- f. avec Laszlo Csontos, "Optimization, Rule Following, and the Methodology of Situational Analysis", In: Uskali Maki, Bo Gustafsson et Christian Knudsen, dir., Rationality, Institutions, and Economic Methodology, London: Routledge
- 1993,
- a. avec Paul L. Robertson, Business Organization as a Coordination Problem: Toward a Dynamic Theory of the Boundaries of the Firm, Business and Economic History, Vol 22, n°1, pp31-41
- b. avec Metin Cosgel, Knight on Risk, Uncertainty, and the Firm: A New Interpretation, Economic Inquiry, Vol. 31
- c. avec Don Lavoie, Howard Baetjer et William Tulloh, Component Software: A Market Perspective on the Coming Revolution in Software Development. Special Research Report, Patricia Seybold Group, Boston, April
- d. avec Lazlo Csontos, "Optimization, Rule-Following, and the Methodology of Situational Analysis", In: Uskali Mäki, Bo Gustafsson et Christian Knudsen, dir., Rationality, Institutions, and Economic Methodology, London: Routledge, pp112-132
- 1994,
- a. Capabilities and the Theory of the Firm, Paper for the colloquim in honor of George Richardson, January 4-6, 1995, St John’s College, Oxford
- b. The Boundaries of the Firm, In: Peter Boettke, Dir., The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics, Aldershott, U.K.: Edward Elgar, pp173-78
- c. The 'New' Institutional Economics, In: Peter Boettke, Dir., The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics. Aldershott, U.K.: Edward Elgar, pp535-40
- d. avec Michael J. Everett, What is Evolutionary Economics?, In: L. Magnussen, Dir., Evolutionary and Neo-Schumpeterian Approaches to Economics, Kluwer, Boston, pp11-47
- e. avec Paul L. Robertson, Institutions, Inertia, and Changing Industrial Leadership, Industrial and Corporate Change, 3: 359-378
- f. "The market process: An evolutionary view", In: Peter Boettke, David Prychitko, dir., "The Market Process", Aldershot: Edward Elgar, pp29-37
- g. "Risk and Uncertainty", In: Peter Boettke, dir., "The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics", Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing
- 1995,
- a. "Do Firms Plan?" Constitutional Political Economy, Vol 6, n°3, pp247-261
- Traduit en français en 1997, « La firme plannifie-t-elle ? », in Pierre Garrouste, dir., Les frontières de la firme, Economica, Paris, pp61-80
- b. avec Paul L. Robertson, Firms, Markets, and Economic Change: A Dynamic Theory of Business Institutions. London: Routledge
- c. avec M. Sabooglu, Knowledge and meliorism in the evolutionary theory of F.A. Hayek. In K. Dopfer (Eds.), Contributions to evolutionary economics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
- d. Capabilities and Coherence in Firms and Markets, In: Cynthia A. Montgomery, dir., Resource-based and Evolutionary Theories of the Firm: Towards a Synthesis, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp71-100
- a. "Do Firms Plan?" Constitutional Political Economy, Vol 6, n°3, pp247-261
- 1997,
- a. Transaction Costs, Production Costs, and the Passage of Time. In: Steven G. Medema, Dir., Coasean Economics: Law and Economics and the New Institutional Economics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp1-21
- b. Technological standards, innovation, and the essential facility doctrine, In: Jerry Ellig et Robert W. Crandall, dir., Economic Deregulation and Customer Choice: Lessons for the Electric Industry (electricity), Center for Market Processes
- c. avec M. N. Cosgel, The Capabilities of the Consumer, In: Maria Bianchi, dir., The Active Consumer, London: Routledge
- d. Cognition and Capabilities: Opportunities Seized and Missed in the History of the Computer Industry, In: Raghu Garud, Praveen Nayyar et Zur Shapira, dir., Technological Innovation: Oversights and Foresights. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp71-94
- 1998,
- a. Rule-following, Expertise, and Rationality: a New Behavioral Economics?, In: Kenneth Dennis, dir., Rationality in Economics: Alternative Perspectives, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp57-80
- Repris en 2004, In: Massimo Egidi et Salvatore Rizzello, dir., Cognitive Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
- b. "Personal Capitalism as Charismatic Authority: the Organizational Economics of a Weberian Concept", Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol 7, n°1, pp195-214
- c. Capabilities and the Theory of the Firm, In: Nicolai J. Foss et Brian Loasby, Dir., Capabilities, Coordination, and Economic Organization: Essays in Honor of George B Richardson. London: Routledge, pp183-203
- d. Schumpeter and Personal Capitalism, In: Gunnar Eliasson, Christopher Green et Charles McCann, Dir., Microfoundations of Economic Growth: A Schumpeterian Perspective. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp57-82
- e. avec Edward W. Steinmueller, The Evolution of Competitive Advantage in the Worldwide Semiconductor Industry, 1947-1996, In: David C. Mowery et Richard R. Nelson, dir., The Sources of Industrial Leadership
- a. Rule-following, Expertise, and Rationality: a New Behavioral Economics?, In: Kenneth Dennis, dir., Rationality in Economics: Alternative Perspectives, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp57-80
- 1999,
- a. 'Scale, Scope, and the Reuse of Knowledge’, in Sheila C. Dow and Peter E. Earl, (eds), Economic Organization and Economic Knowledge: Essays in Honour of Brian J. Loasby, Northampton, US and Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp239-254
- b. avec Nicolai J. Foss, “Capabilities and Governance: the Rebirth of Production in the Theory of Economic Organization”, Kyklos 52(2), pp201-218
- c. avec W. Edward Steinmueller, “The Evolution of Competitive Advantage in the Worldwide Semiconductor Industry, 1947-1996”, In: David C. Mowery and Richard R. Nelson, dir., The Sources of Industrial Leadership, New York, pp19-78
- 2001,
- a. avec M. Sabooglu, Knowledge and Meliorism in the Evolutionary Theory of F. A. Hayek. In: K. Dopfer, Dir., The Evolutionary Principles of Economics, Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp231-251
- b. avec Roger Koppl, Organizations and Language Games, Journal of Management and Governance 5(3-4): 287-305
- c. Technological Standards, Innovation, and Essential Facilities: Toward a Schumpeterian Post-Chicago Approach, In: Jerry Ellig, Dir., Dynamic Competition and Public Policy: Technology, Innovation, and Antitrust Issues. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp193-228
- d. Knowledge, Consumption, and Endogenous Growth, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 11(1), pp77-93, January
- Repris en 2001, In: Ulrich Witt, Dir., Escaping Satiation: the Demand Side and Economic Growth. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp97-113
- Traduit en russe, In: Vladimir Maevsky, Dir., Selected Articles from Journal of Evolutionary Economics. Moscow: Editions “Delo” for the Institute of Economics, Russian Academy of Science
- e. avec D. A. Savage, “Standards, Modularity, and Innovation: the case of Medical Practice”, In: R. Garud et P. Karnøe, dir., Path Dependence and Path Creation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
- 2002,
- a. Kirznerian Entrepreneurship and the Nature of the Firm, Journal des économistes et des études humaines, Vol 12, n°1, mars
- b. "Modularity in Technology and Organization", Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 49 (1), September, pp19-37
- Repris en 2002, In: Nicolai J. Foss et Peter G. Klein, dir., Entrepreneurship and the Theory of the Firm. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
- c. Computers and Semiconductors, In: Benn Steil, David Victor et Richard R. Nelson, dir., Technological Innovation and Economic Performance, Princeton, N.J., pp265-284
- 2003,
- a. "The Vanishing Hand: The Changing Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism", Industrial and Corporate Change, 12(2), april, pp351–385
- b. avec Fu-Lai Tony Yu et Paul L. Robertson, Dir., Alternative Theories of the Firm. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 3 volumes
- c. avec Fu-Lai Tony Yu et Paul L. Robertson, Introduction to Alternative Theories of the Firm, In: Richard N. Langlois, Fu-Lai Tony Yu et Paul L. Robertson, Dir., Alternative Theories of the Firm. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 3 volumes
- d. Strategy as Economics versus Economics as Strategy, Managerial and Decision Economics, 24(4), pp283-290, June-July
- e. Cognitive Comparative Advantage and the Organization of Work: Lessons from Herbert Simon’s Vision of the Future, Journal of Economic Psychology 24: 187-207
- f. Schumpeter and the Obsolescence of the Entrepreneur, Advances in Austrian Economics, 6, pp287-302
- g. avec R. Garud et A. Kumaraswamy, dir., "Managing in the Modular Age: Architectures, Networks and Organisations", Oxford: Blackwell
- 2004, Chandler in a Larger Frame: Markets, Transaction Costs, and Organizational Form in History, Enterprise ans Society, 5, pp355-375 (working paper 2003, Business and Eonomic History on-Line, Vol 1
- 2006,
- a. The Secret Life of Mundane Transaction Costs, Organization Studies, 27, pp1389-1410
- b. Competition through Institutional Form: the Case of Cluster Tool Standards, In: Shane Greenstein et Victor Stango, dir., Standards and Public Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp60-86
- 2007,
- a. The Entrepreneurial Theory of the Firm and the Theory of the Entrepreneurial Firm, Journal of Management Studies, 44(7), November, pp1107-1124
- b. The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism: Schumpeter, Chandler, and the New Economy, The Graz Schumpeter Lectures 2004, London: Routledge
- Traduction japonaise, Keio University Press
- c. The dynamics of industrial capitalism: Schumpeter, Chandler and the New Economy, London: Sage Publications
- 2008, avec Giampaolo Garzarelli, "Of Hackers and Hairdressers: Modularity and the Organizational Economics of Opensource Collaboration", Industry & Innovation, April, 15(2), pp125-143
- 2011, “Marshall’s (Real) Influence on Present-day Industrial Economics”, In: Tiziano Raffaelli, Tamotsu Nishizawa et Simon Cook, dir., "Marshall, Marshallians and Industrial Economics", London: Routledge
- 2013, "The Institutional Revolution: A review essay", The Review of Austrian Economics, vol 26, n°4, décembre, pp383-395
Littérature secondaire
- 2004, Emmanuel Martin, Pierre Perrin et Luc Tardieu, commentaire du livre de Richard N. Langlois, Tony Fu-Lai Yu et Paul Robertson, dir., Alternative Theories of the Firm, Journal des économistes et des études humaines, Vol 14, n°1, mars
Liens externes
- Competition through Institutional Form: the Case of Cluster Tool Standards, Working Paper 2004-10 de Richard Langlois, University of Connecticut, Mai
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