Leonard Read

Leonard Read
Économiste
Dates	1898 - 1983
Leonard Read
Tendance	minarchiste
Nationalité	États-Unis
Articles internes	Autres articles sur Leonard Read
Citation
Interwikis sur Leonard Read

Leonard E. Read (26 septembre 1898 - 14 mai 1983) est un économiste américain, qui a créé la Foundation for Economic Education (FEE) en mars 1946. Il s'agit du premier think tank libertarien aux États-Unis.

En tant que président de la Chamber of Commerce de Los Angeles, il a combattu les politiques économiques marxistes et keynésiennes qui prévalaient alors, réfutant les accusations d'appauvrissement des travailleurs par la « bourgeoisie », et rejetant les arguments keynésiens selon lesquels le capitalisme est instable et génère un chômage de masse.

Il est l'auteur de vingt-sept ouvrages. Son texte le plus célèbre est Moi, le crayon (I, pencil), publié en 1958, illustration de la métaphore de la main invisible : des millions de personnes participent à la création d'un simple crayon (division du travail), et aucune ne serait capable de le fabriquer à elle seule.

Œuvres

De 1937 à 1954

• 1937, "Romance of Reality", Dodd, Mead & company

• 1946, "I’d Push the Button", New York: Joseph D. McGuire

• 1948, Pattern for Revolt, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education

• 1951,
  • a. "Conscience on the Battlefield", Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education
  • b. "Outlook for Freedom"

• 1952,
  • a. dir., "Essays on Liberty", Vol 1, Irvington on Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education
  • b. Préface, In: Leonard Read, dir., Essays on Liberty, Vol 1, Irvington on Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education
  • c. "On That Day Began Lies", In: Leonard Read, dir., "Essays on Liberty", Vol 1, Irvington on Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education, pp231-252 (texte écrit en 1949)
    • Repris en 1983, "On that day began lies", The Freeman, novembre, Vol 33, n°11
    • Repris en 1998, "On That Day Began Lies", The Freeman, Mai, Vol 48, n°5

• 1954,
  • a. Government: An Ideal Concept, Irvington on Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education
    • Nouvelle édition en 1997, Government: An Ideal Concept, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education
    • Traduit en portugais en 1958, par Álvaro Pinto De Aguiar, "Govêrno: um Conceito Ideal", Companhia Editora Nacional
  • b. dir., Essays on Liberty, Vol 2, Irvington on Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education
  • c. Préface, In: Leonard Read, dir., Essays on Liberty, Vol 2, Irvington on Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education
  • d. Combating Statism, In: Leonard Read, dir., Essays on Liberty, Vol 2, Irvington on Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education, pp9-22
  • e. Two ways to stop Strikes, In: Leonard Read, dir., Essays on Liberty, Vol 2, Irvington on Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education, pp205-213
  • f. Victims of social leveling, In: Leonard Read, dir., Essays on Liberty, Vol 2, Irvington on Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education, pp279-293
  • g. Two kinds of Exchange, In: Leonard Read, dir., Essays on Liberty, Vol 2, Irvington on Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education, pp376-379

De 1955 à 1959

• 1955,
  • a. "How to get action", The Freeman, Mai, Vol 5, n°5
  • b. "In An Ideal America", The Freeman, Mai, Vol 5, n°5
  • c. "Loyalty Oaths", The Freeman, Mai, Vol 5, n°5

• 1956,
  • a. "Unearned Riches", In: Mary Sennholz, dir., On Freedom and Free Enterprise, Van Nostrand, Princeton, pp188-195
  • b. "Neither Left Nor Right", The Freeman, January
    • Nouvelle publication en 2006, "Neither Left Nor Right", The Freeman, Vol 56, n°1, January-February, pp28-29
  • c. "White magic", The Freeman, February, Vol 6, n°2, pp17-19
  • d. "Two Directions at Once", The Freeman, octobre, Vol 6, n°10

• 1957,
  • a. "Penalty of Surrender", The Freeman, Avril, Vol 7, n°4
    • Repris en 1988, "Penalty of Surrender. Compromise has no application whatever in the moral sense", The Freeman, September, Vol 38, n°9, pp332-335
  • b. "He Who Would Bear Witness", The Freeman, June, Vol 7, n°6, pp31-34

• 1958,
  • a. "Let the sun shines in", The Freeman, July, Vol 8, n°7, pp8-12
  • b. "These, our gifts", The Freeman, octobre, Vol 8, n°10, pp44-51
  • c. "I, Pencil", The Freeman, décembre, Vol 8, n°12, pp32–37
    • Repris en 1988, I Pencil, In: Paul L. Poirot, dir, The Philosophy of Freedom, The Foundation for Economic Education: Irvington on Hudson NY, pp137-142
    • Repris en 1996, "I, Pencil", The Freeman, May, Vol 46, n°5
    • Traduction en français par Hervé de Quengo, Traduction de Moi, le crayon
  • d. "Why Not Try Freedom?", The Foundation for Economic Education: Irvington on Hudson NY

• 1959,
  • a. "Conquistadores del Cielo", The Freeman, February, Vol 9, n°2, pp41-45
  • b. "How Labor Unions Cause Inflation", The Freeman, mai, Vol 9, n°5
  • c. "The Mass Man", The Freeman, Juin, Vol 9, n°6
    • Repris en 1960, "The Mass Man", In: "Essays on Liberty", Vol. VII, Foundation for Economic Education, pp325-333
  • d. Nave Nervousness, The Freeman, August, Vol 9, n°8
  • e. "Flight From Integrity", The Freeman, Décembre, Vol 9, n°12
    • Repris en 1960, "Flight From Integrity", In: "Essays on Liberty", Vol. VII, Foundation for Economic Education, pp187-196
    • Repris en 1983, "Looking Out for Yourself", The Freeman, novembre, Vol 33, n°11

De 1960 à 1964

• 1960,
  • a. "Economics for the Teachable", The Freeman, janvier, Vol 10, n°1
  • a. "How to Reduce Taxes", The Freeman, juillet, Vol 10, n°7
    • Repris en 1998, "How to Reduce Taxes. Only in Moral Philosophy Can the Case for Freedom Be Won", The Freeman, April, Vol 48, n°4
  • b. "On Making Friends for Freedom", In: "Essays on Liberty", Vol. VII, Foundation for Economic Education, pp31-35
  • c. "Economics for the Teachable", The Freeman, Janvier, Vol 10, n°1
    • Repris en 1960, "Economics for the Teachable", In: "Essays on Liberty", Vol. VII, Foundation for Economic Education, pp78-92
  • d. "The Magic of Believing", In: "Essays on Liberty", Vol. VII, Foundation for Economic Education, pp259-260
  • e. "On Behalf of the Ideal", In: "Essays on Liberty", Vol. VII, Foundation for Economic Education, pp432-436
    • Repris en [1998], "On Behalf of the Ideal. Undoing Socialism Requires Upholding the Ideal of Freedom", The Freeman, Octobre, Vol 48, n°10
  • f. "On Improving the World", In: "Essays on Liberty", Vol. VII, Foundation for Economic Education, pp437-440
    • Repris en 1983, "On Improving the World", The Freeman, Novembre, Vol 33, n°11

• 1961, Conscience of the Majority, The Freeman, Mars, Vol 11, n°3

• 1962,
  • a. "Elements of Libertarian Leadership", Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education
  • b. "Violence as a Way Of Life", The Freeman, février, Vol 12, n°2
  • c. "The Genesis of Extremism", The Freeman, Avril, Vol 12, n°4

• 1963,
  • a. "The Lesser of Two Evils", The Freeman, Février, Vol 13, n°2
    • Repris en 2004, "The Lesser of Two Evils", The Freeman, Septembre, Vol 54, n°7
  • b. "To Alleviate Misfortune", The Freeman, novembre, Vol 13, n°11

• 1964,
  • a. Anything That's Peaceful
    • Nouvelle édition en 1992
    • Nouvelle édition en 1998, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education
  • b. "Natural Aristocracy", The Freeman, juin, Vol 14, n°6

De 1965 à 1969

• 1965,
  • a. "No Special Privilege for Anyone", The Freeman, Avril, Vol 15, n°4
  • b. The Free Market and Its Enemy

• 1966,
  • a. "The Macro Malady", The Freeman, février, Vol 16, n°2, pp52-59
  • b. "Progress - the Flower of freedom", The Freeman, juin, Vol 16, n°6, pp3-12
  • c. "Creative Federalism", The Freeman, juillet, Vol 16, n°7, pp9-11
  • d. "Some Reflections on Robots", The Freeman, août, Vol 16, n°8, pp32-40
  • e. "The Case for Willing Exchange", The Freeman, Septembre, Vol 16, n°9, pp25-32
  • f. "Men of Prey", The Freeman, octobre, Vol 16, n°10, pp21-24 [lire en ligne]

• 1967,
  • a. Deeper Than You Think, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education
  • b. The Rise and the Fall, The Freeman, May, Vol 17, n°5
  • c. "Why run ourself out of business", The Freeman, August, Vol 17, n°8, pp451-458
  • d. The Basic Realities, The Freeman, Novembre, Vol 17, n°11
  • e. The Curse and Cure of Covetousness (La malédiction et la guérison de la convoitise), The Freeman, December, Vol 17, n°12

• 1968,
  • a. Accent on the Right, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education
  • b. "Life Begins at Seventy", The Freeman, septembre, Vol 18, n°9

• 1969,
  • a. Let Freedom Reign, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic
  • b. "The Coming Aristocracy", Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education

De 1970 à 1979

• 1970,
  • a. Reflections on the Guilt Complex, The Freeman, January, Vol 20, n°1
  • b. "Sinking in a Sea of Buts", The Freeman, Avril, Vol 20, n°4, pp221-223
  • c. "Talking to Myself"

• 1971,
  • a. To Abdicate or Not, In: Floyd A. Harper, dir., Toward Liberty: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises on the Occasion of His 90th Birthday, September 29, Vol. 2, Menlo Park, Calif.: Institute for Humane Studies, pp299–301
  • b. "How to Be a Benefactor. Self-responsibility well may be the ultimate of social responsibility", The Freeman, January, Vol 21, n°1, pp15-20
  • c. "The Kingdom on Earth", The Freeman, mars, Vol 21, n°3
  • d. The Worrycrats, The Freeman, Avril, Vol 21, n°4
  • e. "Am I Constantly Correcting?", The Freeman, Juin, Vol 21, n°6
  • f. "Then Truth Will Out"

• 1972,
  • a. "Economics: A Branch of Moral Philosophy", The Freeman, January
    • Repris en 1998, Economics: A Branch of Moral Philosophy. Mastering the Study of Political Economy Is Not Really Difficult, The Freeman, Vol 48, n°6
  • b. "To Free or Freeze"

• 1973,
  • a. "Sheltering Ideologies", The Freeman, Février, Vol 23, n°2
  • b. "Justice Versus Social Justice, Who’s Listening?", Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education
  • c. "Pilot Errors", The Freeman, April, Vol 23, n°4
  • d. "Sisyphus", The Freeman, Juin
  • e. "Instead of Violence", Foundation for Economic Education: Irvington on Hudson NY
  • f. "How to Stop Inflation", The Freeman, novembre, Vol 23, n°11

• 1974,
  • a. "Reflections on Gullibility", The Freeman, Septembre, Vol 24, n°9
  • b. "Laws Versus Tyranny", The Freeman, October, Vol 24, n°10
  • c. “The miracle of the market", In: "Champions of Freedom; The Ludwig von Mises Lecture Series", Hillsdale, Mich.: Hillsdale College Press
  • d. "Having My Way"

• 1975,
  • a. Castles in the Air, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education
  • b. "The Love of Liberty", Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education
  • c. "Those Things Called Money", The Freeman, janvier, Vol 25, n°1
    • Repris en 1983, "Those Things Called Money", The Freeman, novembre, Vol 33, n°11
  • d. "The School of Mankind", The Freeman, septembre, Vol 25, n°9

• 1976, "Comes The Dawn", Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education, Inc.

• 1977, "Awake, for Freedom’s Sake", Foundation for Economic Education, Ir­vington, N.Y.

• 1978,
  • a. "Vision", Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc.
  • b. "Liberty: Legacy of Truth", Irvington-on-Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education
  • c. Glory Be!, The Freeman, December, Vol 28, n°12

• 1979, "The Freedom Freeway"

De 1980 à 1989

• 1980, "Seeds of Progress"

• 1981,
  • a. How Do We Know?, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education
  • b. "Thoughts Rule the World", Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education,

• 1982, "The Path of Duty", Foundation for Economic Education, Inc., Irvington-on-Hudson

• 1983,
  • a. "The Essence of Americanism", The Freeman, novembre, Vol 33, n°11
    • Repris en 1988, In: Paul L. Poirot, dir, The Philosophy of Freedom, The Foundation for Economic Education: Irvington on Hudson NY, pp3-15
    • Repris en 1996, The Essence of Americanism, In: Robert D. Gorglione, dir., The Foundations of American Constitutional Government, The Foundation for Economic Education: Irvington on Hudson NY, pp19-32
    • Repris en 1998, The Essence of Americanism. The Ideas of Self-Reliance and Private Property Created a Spiritual, Political, and Economic Revolution, The Freeman, September, Vol 48, n°9
  • b. "Looking Out for Yourself", The Freeman, novembre, Vol 33, n°11, texte écrit en 1956
    • Repris en 1988, Looking out for Yourself, In: Paul L. Poirot, dir, "The Philosophy of Freedom", The Foundation for Economic Education: Irvington on Hudson NY, pp107-114
  • c. "Every Person Should Be Free", The Freeman, novembre, Vol 33, n°11, texte écrit en 1954

• 1995, Conscience on the Battlefield, In: Edmund A. Opitz, dir., Leviathan at War, The Foundation for Economic Education: Irvington on Hudson NY, pp63-78

Littérature secondaire

• 1974, John Chamberlain, commentaire du livre de Leonard Read, "The free man's almanach", The Freeman, Vol 24, n°12, décembre, pp753-756

• 1977,
  • John Chamberlain, commentaire du livre de Leonard Read, "Comes the Dawn", The Freeman, Mars, Vol 27, n°3
  • John Chamberlain, Commentaire du livre de Leonard Read, "Awake, for Freedom’s Sake"], The Freeman, novembre, Vol 27, n°11

• 1978, John Chamberlain, commentaire du livre de Leonard Read, "Vision", The Freeman, June, Vol 28, n°6

• 1981, Perry E. Gresham, commentaire du livre de Leonard Read, "Thoughts Rule the World", The Freeman, Juin

• 1982,
  • Perry E. Gresham, Commentaire du livre de Leonard Read, "How Do We Know?", The Freeman, Mars, Vol 32, n°3
  • Perry E. Gresham, commentaire du livre de Leonard Read, "The Path of Duty", The Freeman, décembre, Vol 32, n°12, pp758-760

• 1983,
  • Comité de direction, "Memorial Resolution", The Freeman, novembre, Vol 33, n°11
  • George C. Roche III, Remembering Leonard Read. A Special Kind of Leadership, Imprimis, Décembre, Vol 12, n°12

• 1993, Mary Sennholz, "Leonard E. Read: Philosopher of Freedom", Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education

• 1995, William H. Peterson, "Think-Tank Pioneer" commentaire du livre de Mary Sennholz, dir., "Leonard E. Read: Philosopher of Freedom", Modern Age, spring, pp274-275

• 1996,
  • Melvin D. Barger, “From Leonard Read: A Legacy of Principles”, The Freeman, May, pp355–359
  • Mary Sennholz, "Leonard Read, the Founder and Builder", The Freeman, May, Vol 46, n°5

• 1998,
  • Bettina Bien Greaves, Leonard E. Read, Crusader, The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty, September, Vol 48, n°9, pp522–526
  • Edward H. Crane, Introduction, In: Leonard Read, Anything That's Peaceful, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education, ppix-xii
  • Edmund A. Opitz, Leonard E. Read: A Portrait, The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty, septembre, Vol. 48, n°9, pp518–521

• 2008, Donald J. Boudreaux et Nick Slepko, "Read, Leonard E. (1898–1983)", In: Ronald Hamowy, dir., "The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism", Cato Institute - Sage Publications, pp416-418

Liens externes

• (en)Leonard E. Read sur Wikipedia
• (en)Leonard Read sur Disinfopedia
• (en)Foundation for Economic Education

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