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Capital social
Définition du capital social en sociologie
Le capital social désigne, en sociologie, l'ensemble des relations sociales dont dispose une personne, et les potentialités que lui offre son réseau de relations. Ce concept est repris en économie. Du point de vue néo-classique, il s'agit d'un capital puisque c'est un facteur de production. D'un point de vue socio-économique, le capital social peut être conceptualisé comme un ensemble de ressources sociales intégrées dans des structures de réseau social. Le capital social peut mener à un succès concurrentiel. Par exemple, une entreprise riche en capital social a accès à des informations et à des ressources qui lui permettront de créer un produit de qualité supérieure et de générer des bénéfices en conséquence.
Le concept de capital social a été développé au XXe siècle (Putnam, Coleman, Pierre Bourdieu[1], Francis Fukuyama), mais Alexis de Tocqueville observait déjà l'importance pour les Américains des relations sociales, et l'impact qu'elles avaient sur la démocratie américaine. C'est l'éducateur américain Lyda Judson Hanifan (1879-1932) qui développe le premier le concept de social capital dans un article (1916), puis un livre (1920) :
« L'individu est impuissant socialement s'il est livré à lui-même. S'il entre en contact avec son voisin, et eux deux avec d'autres voisins, il y aura une accumulation de capital social, qui peut satisfaire immédiatement ses besoins sociaux et offrir une potentialité sociale suffisante pour améliorer substantiellement les conditions de vie de l'ensemble de la communauté. »
Le capital social peut être vu comme une forme de capital humain. A la différence du capital ordinaire, il ne s'use que si l'on ne s'en sert pas. Le capital social comprend les avantages dérivés des réseaux sociaux, y compris la famille élargie, la communauté ou les groupes organisationnels et les individus. Donc, pour l'entrepreneur, le capital social est désiré devoir améliorer le capital humain de l'entrepreneur en l'aider à développer la capacité de l'individu à identifier les opportunités ou à accéder aux ressources.
Autres significations
Le capital social d'une entreprise (ou capital tout court) désigne, en comptabilité les ressources apportées par ses associés à une entreprise, à sa création ou lors d'augmentations de capital. Il peut être en numéraire mais aussi en nature.
Notes et références
- ↑ Le sociologue français d'aspiration communiste, Pierre Bourdieu, estimait que le capital social peut se substituer à d'autres formes de capital (financier, culturel, etc.). Il considérait la valeur et la qualité des ressources auxquelles un individu peut accéder comme du capital social.
- 1986, Pierre Bourdieu, "The forms of capital", In: J. Richardson, dir., "Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Educationé, New York: Greenwood Press; pp241‒258
Bibliographie
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Voir aussi
Liens externes
- (en)Social capital sur Wikipédia
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